【英文标准名称】:SAFETYOFMACHINERY.RULESFORTHEDRAFTINGANDPRESENTATIONOFSAFETYSTANDARDS.(EUROPEANSTANDARDEN414).
【原文标准名称】:机械的安全.安全标准的制订和表达规则
【标准号】:NFX00-002-1992
【标准状态】:作废
【国别】:法国
【发布日期】:1992-05
【实施或试行日期】:1992-04-20
【发布单位】:法国标准化协会(AFNOR)
【起草单位】:
【标准类型】:()
【标准水平】:()
【中文主题词】:
【英文主题词】:
【摘要】:
【中国标准分类号】:J09
【国际标准分类号】:13_110
【页数】:20P;A4
【正文语种】:其他


【英文标准名称】:StandardGuideforExposingandTestingPlasticsthatDegradeintheEnvironmentbyaCombinationofOxidationandBiodegradation
【原文标准名称】:氧化和生物降解组合的环境中暴露和测试塑料降解的标准指南
【标准号】:ASTMD6954-2004
【标准状态】:现行
【国别】:
【发布日期】:2004
【实施或试行日期】:
【发布单位】:美国材料与试验协会(US-ASTM)
【起草单位】:D20.96
【标准类型】:(Guide)
【标准水平】:()
【中文主题词】:生物降解能力;组合;环境;试验;氧化;塑料
【英文主题词】:biodegradation;ecotoxicity;environmentalbiodegradation;oxidation;photooxidation;thermal
【摘要】:Thisguideisasequentialassemblyofextantbutunconnectedstandardtestsandpracticesfortheoxidationandbiodegradationofplastics,whichwillpermitthecomparisonandrankingoftheoverallrateofenvironmentaldegradationofplasticsthatrequirethermalorphotooxidationtoinitiatedegradation.Eachdegradationstageisindependentlyevaluatedtoallowacombinedevaluationofapolymerx2019;senvironmentalperformanceunderacontrolledlaboratorysetting.Thisenablesalaboratoryassessmentofitsdisposalperformancein,soil,compost,landfill,andwaterandforuseinagriculturalproductssuchasmulchfilmwithoutdetrimenttothatparticularenvironment.Note58212;Fordeterminingbiodegradationratesundercompostingconditions,SpecificationD6400istobeused,includingtestmethodsandconditionsasspecified.Thecorrelationofresultsfromthisguidetoactualdisposalenvironments(forexample,agriculturalmulchfilms,composting,orlandfillapplications)hasnotbeendetermined,andassuch,theresultsshouldbeusedonlyforcomparativeandrankingpurposes.Theresultsoflaboratoryexposurecannotbedirectlyextrapolatedtoestimateabsoluterateofdeteriorationbytheenvironmentbecausetheaccelerationfactorismaterialdependentandcanbesignificantlydifferentforeachmaterialandfordifferentformulationsofthesamematerial.However,exposureofasimilarmaterialofknownoutdoorperformance,acontrol,atthesametimeasthetestspecimensallowscomparisonofthedurabilityrelativetothatofthecontrolunderthetestconditions.1.1Thisguideprovidesaframeworkorroadmaptocompareandrankthecontrolledlaboratoryratesofdegradationanddegreeofphysicalpropertylossesofpolymersbythermalandphotooxidationprocessesaswellasthebiodegradationandecologicalimpactsindefinedapplicationsanddisposalenvironmentsafterdegradation.Disposalenvironmentsrangefromexposureinsoil,landfill,andcompostinwhichthermaloxidationmayoccurandlandcoverandagriculturaluseinwhichphotooxidationmayalsooccur.1.2Inthisguide,establishedASTMInternationalstandardsareusedinthreetiersforacceleratingandmeasuringthelossinpropertiesandmolecularweightbyboththermalandphotooxidationprocessesandotherabioticprocesses(Tier1),measuringbiodegradation(Tier2),andassessingecologicalimpactoftheproductsfromtheseprocesses(Tier3).1.3TheTier1conditionsselectedforthermaloxidationandphotooxidationacceleratethedegradationlikelytooccurinachosenapplicationanddisposalenvironment.Theconditionsshouldincludearangeofhumidityorwaterconcentrationsbasedontheapplicationanddisposalenvironmentinmind.Themeasuredrateofdegradationattypicaloxidationtemperaturesisrequiredtocompareandrankthepolymersbeingevaluatedinthatchosenapplicationtoreachamolecularweightthatconstitutesademonstrablebiodegradableresidue(usingASTMInternationalbiometertestsforCO2evolutionappropriatetothechosenenvironment).Bywayofexample,acceleratedoxidationdatamustbeobtainedattemperaturesandhumidityrangestypicalinthatchosenapplicationanddisposalenvironment,forexample,insoil(20to30176;C),landfill(20to35176;C),andcompostingfacilities(30to65176;C).Forapplicationsinsoils,localtemperaturesandhumidityrangesmustbeconsideredastheyvarywidelywithgeography.Atleastonetemperaturemustbereasonablyclosetotheenduseordisposaltemperature,butundernocircumstancesshouldthisbemorethan20176;Cawayfromtheremovedthattemperature.Itmustalsobeestablishedthatthepolymerdoesnotundergoaphasechange,suchasglasstransition......
【中国标准分类号】:G31
【国际标准分类号】:83_080_01
【页数】:6P.;A4
【正文语种】: